RA INSTRUMENTS

C-70 Model

C70 fullerene is the fullerene molecule consisting of 70 carbon atoms. It is a cage-like fused-ring structure which resembles a rugby ball, made of 25 hexagons and 12 pentagons, with a carbon atom at the vertices of each polygon and a bond along each polygon edge. Black color represent carbon atom and white represents bonds In between carbon atoms.

Nano Tube Model Single Wall

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are a special class of carbon materials known as one-dimensional materials. They consist of sheets of graphene, rolled up to form hollow tubes with walls one atom thick. Single walled carbon nanotubes are an of the type(allotrops) of sp2 hybridized carbon, similar to fullerenes. The structure can be thought of as a cylindrical tube comprised of 6-membered carbon rings, as in graphite. The cylindrical tubes may have one or both ends capped with a hemisphere of the buckyball or fullerene structure. Black color represent carbon atom and white represents bonds In between carbon atoms.

Grephene Model

A single layer of carbon atoms arranged in such a honeycomb structure forms a single graphene sheet. In graphene, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to three other carbon atoms. graphene boasts great stability and a very high tensile strength (the force in which you can stretch something before it breaks). Since graphene is flat, every atom is on the surface and is accessible from both sides, so there is more interaction with surrounding molecules. Also, the carbon atoms are bonded to only three other atoms, although they have the capability to bond to a fourth atom. This capability,high surface area to volume ratio of graphene may make it appealing for use in composite materials. Graphene also enjoys electron mobility that is higher than any known material . Black color represent carbon atom and white represents bonds In between carbon atoms.

ABO3 Perovskite Model

ABO3-type oxides form an important class of materials of great technical value in several device applications. Such oxides are known to exist with a wide range of A and B ions. Most of these oxides have the relatively simple structure of the mineral perovskite (CaTiO3). The ideal perovskite structure has a cubic unit cell. Rhombohedral structure or orthorhombic GdFeO3-type structure is found when t is less than unity. Polytypic structures are observed when t is greater than unity. Other structures such as ilmenite and pyrochlore also occur. ABO3-type oxides display a wide spectrum of physical properties of technical importance such as ferroelectricity, antiferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, insulating behaviour, semiconductivity, metallic conductivity, superconductivity, ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism etc. The ferroelectric properties are mostly controlled by the relative sizes of the ions. The electrical and magnetic properties are mainly dependent on the electronic configuration of the ions. Dopants and substituents have a profound influence on the properties of the ABO3 oxides

Nano Tube Model Multi Walled

Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes are hollow, cylindrically shaped one type (allotropes) of carbon that have a high aspect ratio (length to diameter ratio). Their name is derived from their structure and the walls are formed by multiple one-atom-thick sheets of carbon. MWNTs consist of multiple rolled layers of concentric nanotubes of graphene inside other nanotubes. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are a special form of carbon nanotubes in which multiple single-walled carbon nanotubes are nested inside one another. Although MWCNTs are still classed as a 1-dimenional form of carbon, the unique properties that are seen within single-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes are not as prominent. The reason for this is the higher probability of defects occurring . These disadvantages are offset by the increased dispersability(scatter) of MWCNTs, and the reduced cost in synthesis and purification of these materials. Black color represent carbon atom and white represents bonds In between carbon atoms.